Web-Materials

List of Problems

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1.1	Virial theorem	102
1.2	Atomic mass and molar fractions	103
1.3	The covalent bond	103
1.4	Ionic bonding and CsCl	104
1.5	Madleung constant	104
1.6	Bonding and bulk modulus	104
1.7	Van der Waals bonding	105
1.8	Kinetic molecular theory	105
1.9	Kinetic molecular theory	105
1.10	Kinetic molecular theory and Ar-ion laser	105
1.11	Vacuum deposition	106
1.12	Heat capacity	107
1.13	Dulong-petit atomic heat capacity	107
1.14	Dulong-petit specific heat capacity of alloys and compounds	107
1.15	Thermal expansion	108
1.16	Thermal expansion of Si	108
1.17	Thermal expansion of GaP and GaAs	108
1.18	Electrical noise	108
1.19	Thermal activation	109
1.20	Diffusion in Si	109
1.21	Diffusion in SiO2	109
1.22	BCC and FCC crystals	109
1.23	BCC and FCC crystals	109
1.24	Planar and surface concentrations	109
1.25	Diamond and zinc blende	109
1.26	Zinc blende, NaCl, and CsCl	109
1.27	Crystallographic directions and planes	110
1.28	Si and SiO2	110
1.29	Vacancies in metals	110
1.30	Vacancies in silicon	111
1.31	Pb-Sn solder	111
1.32	Pb-Sn solder	111
2.1	Electrical conduction	180
2.2	Electrical conduction	180
2.3	Conduction in gold	181
2.4	Effective number of conduction electrons per atom	181
2.5	TCR and Matthiessen's rule	181
2.6	TCR of isomorphous alloys	182
2.7	Resistivity of isomorphous alloys and nordheim's rule	182
2.8	Nordheim's rule and brass	182
2.9	Resistvity of solid solution metal allys: testing nordheim's rule	182
2.10	TCR and alloy resistivity	183
2.11	Electrical and thermal conductivity of In	183
2.12	Electrical and thermal conductivity of Ag	183
2.13	Mixture rules	184
2.14	Mixture rules	184
2.15	Ag-Ni alloys (contact materials) and the mixture rules	184
2.16	Ag-W alloys (contact materials) and the mixture rule	184
2.17	Thermal conduction	185
2.18	Thermal resistance	185
2.19	Thermal resistance	185
2.20	The Hall effect	185
2.21	The strain gauge	186
2.22	Thermal coefficients of expansion and resistivity	187
2.23	Temperature of a light bulb filament	187
2.24	Einstein relation and ionic conductivity	188
2.25	Skin effect	188
2.26	Thin films	188
2.27	Interconnects	188
2.28	Thin 50 nm interconnects	188
2.29	TCR of thin films	189
2.30	Electromigration	189
3.1	Photons and photon flux	272
3.2	Yellow, cyan, magenta, and white	272
3.3	Brightness of laser pointers	273
3.4	Human eye	273
3.5	X-ray photons	275
3.6	X-rays, exposure, and roentgens	275
3.7	Photoelectric effect	276
3.8	Photoelectric effect and quantum efficiency	276
3.9	Photoelectric effect	276
3.10	Planck's law and photon energy distribution of radiation	277
3.11	Wien's law	277
3.12	Diffraction by X-rays and an electron beam	277
3.13	Heisenberg's uncertainity principle	277
3.14	Heisenberg's uncertainity principle	277
3.15	Tunneling	278
3.16	Electron impact excitation	278
3.17	Line spectra of hydrogenic atoms	278
3.18	Inozation energy and effective Z	278
3.19	Atomic and ionic radii	278
3.20	X-rays and the Moseley relation	279
3.21	The He atom	280
3.22	Excitation energy of He	280
3.23	Electron affinity	280
3.24	Electron spin resonance (ESR)	280
3.25	Spin-orbit coupling	280
3.26	Hund's rule	281
3.27	Hund's rule	281
3.28	The HeNe laser	281
3.29	Er3+-doped fiber amplifier	282
4.1	Phase of an atomic orbital	365
4.2	Molecular orbitals and atomic orbitals	365
4.3	Diamond and tin	365
4.4	Compound III-V Semiconductors	366
4.5	Compound II-V Semiconductors	366
4.6	Density of states for a two-dimensional electron gas	366
4.7	Fermi energy of Cu	366
4.8	Free electron model, Fermi energy, and density of states	366
4.9	Fermi energy and electron concentration	366
4.10	Temperature dependence of the Fermi level	367
4.11	X-ray emission spectrum from sodium	367
4.12	Conductivity of metals in the free electron model	367
4.13	Mean free path of conduction electrons in a metal	367
4.14	Low-temperature heat capacity of metals	368
4.15	Secondary emission and photomultiplier tubes	368
4.16	Thermoelectric effect and E F	369
4.17	The thermocouple equation	369
4.18	Thermionic emission	369
4.19	Field-assisted emission in MOS devices	369
4.20	CNTs and field emission	370
4.21	Nordheim-Fowler field emission in an FED	370
4.22	Lattice waves and heat capacity	370
4.23	Specific heat capacity of GaAs and InSb	370
4.24	Thermal conductivity	370
4.25	Overlapping bonds	371
4.26	Overlapping bonds at E F and higher resistivity	371
4.27	Gruneisen's law	371
5.1	Bandgap and photodetection	464
5.2	Intrinsic Ge	464
5.3	Fermi level in intrinsic semiconductors	464
5.4	Extrinisic Si	464
5.5	Extrinisic Si	464
5.6	Minimum conductivity	464
5.7	Extrinisic p-Si	465
5.8	Thermal velocity and mean free path in GaAs	465
5.9	Compensation doping in Si	465
5.10	Temperature dependence of conductivity	465
5.11	Ionization at low temperatures in doped semiconductors	465
5.12	Compensation doping in n-type Si	466
5.13	GaAs	466
5.14	Doped GaAs	467
5.15	Varshni equation and the change in the bandgap with temperature	467
5.16	Degenerate semiconductor	467
5.17	Photoconductivity and speed	467
5.18	Hall effect in semiconductors	467
5.19	Hall effect in semiconductors	468
5.20	Compound semiconductor devices	468
5.21	Excess minority carrier concentration	468
5.22	Direct recombination and GaAs	469
5.23	Piezoresistivity application to deflection and force measurement	470
5.24	Schottky junction	470
5.25	Schottky junction	470
5.26	Schottky and ohmic contacts	470
5.27	Peltier effect and electrical contacts	471
5.28	Peltier coolers and figure of merit (FOM)	471
5.29	Seebeck coefficient of semiconductors and thermal drift in semiconductor devices	472
5.30	Photogeneration and carrier kinetic energies	473
6.1	The pn junction	573
6.2	The Si pn junction	573
6.3	Junction capacitance of a pn junction	573
6.4	Temperature dependence of diode properties	574
6.5	Avalanche breakdown	574
6.6	Design of a pn junction diode	574
6.7	Minority carrier profiles (the hyperbolic functions)	574
6.8	The pnp bipolar transistor	574
6.9	Characteristics of an npn Si BJT	575
6.10	Bandgap narrowing and emitter injection efficiency	576
6.11	The JFET pinch-off voltage	576
6.12	The JFET	577
6.13	The JFET amplifier	577
6.14	The enhancement NMOSFET amplifier	577
6.15	Ultimate limits to device performance	578
6.16	Energy distribution of elecrons in the conduction band of a semiconductor and LED emission spectrum	578
6.17	LED output spectrum	579
6.18	LED output wavelength variations	579
6.19	Linewidth of direct recombination LEDs	579
6.20	AlGaAs LED emitter	579
6.21	Solar cell driving a load	580
6.22	Open circuit voltage	580
6.23	Maximum power from a solar cell	580
6.24	Series resistance	581
6.25	Shunt resistance	581
6.26	Series connected solar cells	581
6.27	A solar cell used in eskimo point	581
7.1	Relative permittivity and polarizability	673
7.2	Electronic polarization and SF6	673
7.3	Electronic polarization in liquid xenon	673
7.4	Relative permittivity, bond strength, bandgap and refractive index	673
7.5	Dipolar liquids	674
7.6	Dielectric constant of water vapor or steam	674
7.7	Dipole moment in a nonuniform electric field	674
7.8	Ionic and electronic polarization	675
7.9	Electronic and inoic polarization in KCl	675
7.10	Debye relaxation	675
7.11	Debye and non-Debye relaxation and cole-cole plots	675
7.12	Equivalent circuit of a polyester capacitor	675
7.13	Student microwaves mashed potatoes	676
7.14	Dielectric loss per unit capacitance	676
7.15	Paralled and series equivalent circuits	676
7.16	Tantalum capacitors	676
7.17	Tantalum versus niobium oxide capacitors	677
7.18	TCC of a polyester capacitor	677
7.19	Dielectric breakdown of gases and Pashen curves	677
7.20	Capacitor design	678
7.21	Dielectric breakdown in a coaxial cable	678
7.22	Piezoelectricity	679
7.23	Piezoelectric voltage coefficient	680
7.24	Piezoelectricity and the piezoelectric bender	680
7.25	Piezoelectricity	681
7.26	Pyroelectric detectors	681
7.27	LiTaO3 pyroelectric detector	681
7.28	Pyroelectric detectors	681
7.29	Spark generator design	683
7.30	Ionic polarization resonance in CsCl	683
7.31	Low-k porous dielectrics for microelectronics	683
8.1	Inductance of a long solenoid	763
8.2	Magnetization	764
8.3	Paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials	764
8.4	Mass and molar susceptibilities	764
8.5	Pauli spin paramagnetism	764
8.6	Ferromagmetism and the exchange interaction	764
8.7	Magnetic domain wall energy and thickness	764
8.8	Toroidal inductor and radio engineers toroidal inductance equation	765
8.9	A toroidal inductor	765
8.10	The transformer	766
8.11	Losses in a magnetic recording head	767
8.12	Design of a ferrite antena for an AM receiver	767
8.13	A permanent magnet with an air gap	767
8.14	A permanent magnet with an air gap	768
8.15	Weight, cost, and energy of a permanent magnet with an air gap	768
8.16	Permanent magnet with yoke and air gap	768
8.17	Superconductivity and the critical current density	769
8.18	Magnetic pressure in a solenoid	769
8.19	Enterprising engineers in the high arctic building a superconducting inductor	770
8.20	Magnetic storage media	770
8.21	Magnetic recording principles	770
9.1	Refractive index and relative permittivity	844
9.2	Refractive index and bandgap	845
9.3	Temperature coefficient of refractive index	845
9.4	Sellmeier dispersion equation	845
9.5	Dispersion (n versus l) in GaAs	845
9.6	Cauchy dispersion equation	845
9.7	Cauchy dispersion relation for zinc selenide	845
9.8	Dispersion (n versus l)	845
9.9	Dispersion and diamond	846
9.10	Electric and magnetic fields in light	846
9.11	Reflection of light from a less dense medium (internal reflection)	846
9.12	Internal and external reflection at normal incidence	846
9.13	Antireflection coating	846
9.14	Optical fibers in communications	847
9.15	Optical fibers in communications	847
9.16	Complex refractive index	847
9.17	Complex refractive index	847
9.18	Free Carrier absorption in n -type Ge	847
9.19	Reststrahlen absorption in CdTe	847
9.20	Reststrahlen absorption in GaAs	847
9.21	Fundamental absorption	847
9.22	Quartz half-wave plate	847
9.23	Pockels cell modulator	847

A McGraw-Hill Book with Web Resources